Essay on Operations Management - 7136 Words

1 Chapter Introduction to Operations Management True/False 1. Operations managers are responsible for assessing consumer wants and needs and selling and promoting the organizations goods or services. Answer: False Page: 4 Difficulty: Easy 2. Often, the collective success or failure of companies operations functions will impact the ability of a nation to compete with other nations. Answer: True Page: 4 Difficulty: Easy 3. Companies are either producing goods or delivering services. This means that only one of the two types of operations management strategies are used. Answer: False Page: 6 Difficulty: Medium 4. Operations, marketing, and finance function independently of each other in most organizations. Answer: False Page: 4 Difficulty:†¦show more content†¦Answer: False Page: 16 Difficulty: Medium 28. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were produced primarily by craftsmen or their apprentices using custom made parts. Answer: True Page: 21 Difficulty: Medium 29. Elton Mayos Hawthorne Experiment was the focal point of the Human Relations Movement, which emphasized the importance of the human element in job design. Answer: True Page: 23 Difficulty: Medium 30. Among Fords many contributions was the introduction of mass production, using the concept of interchangeable parts and division of labor. Answer: True Page: 22 Difficulty: Easy 31. Lean production systems are efficient only in small countries like Japan and Korea, but not in America since American organizations have access to greater resources. Answer: False Page: 26 Difficulty: Medium 32. Lean production systems incorporate the advantages of both mass production and craft production. Answer: True Page: 28 Difficulty: Medium 33. A model is an abstraction of reality, which is a simplified version of a real phenomenon. Answer: True Page: 14 Difficulty: Easy 3 34. Lean production systems use a highly skilled work force and flexible equipment. Answer: True Page: 28 Difficulty: Easy 35. Unions oft en oppose conversion to lean production systems because they view the added responsibility and multiple tasks involved as an expansion of job requirements with no comparable increases in pay. Answer: True Page: 28 Difficulty: Medium 36. Operations ManagementShow MoreRelatedOperations Management : Operation Management1355 Words   |  6 PagesOperations Management Introduction Operations management is the activity of managing the resources that create and deliver services and products. The operations function is the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function because every organization creates some type of services and/or products. However, not all types of organization will necessarily call the operations function by this name. Operations managers are the people who haveRead MoreOperation Management - Cadburyworld2493 Words   |  10 Pagestechnology to streamline the operation process) and facility costs (old and outdated facilities) at lowest possible. In return, they have to compromise low costs with their other objectives. The unskilled staffs and outdated facilities are compromised with the quality in the core process. For example, the brief video (facility) in the packaging plant is outdated and requires commentary notes from some guides. However, the unskilled guides are not familiar with the operations so they need to read fromRead MoreOperation Management And Operations Management2148 Words   |  9 PagesOperation management Introduction Being an operations manager is not an easy task, it involves good control and responsibilities for the major activities within the organisations in order to achieve goals that might be in form of services or in form of goods. The operation management roles may be different from business to business depending on the size and resources available, each organisation has its own operations functions, and in order to produces goods or services they have to convert theRead MoreImportance Of Production And Operations Management2317 Words   |  10 Pagesthe production and operation of enterprises. In order to remain competitive, companies in different countries have different factors of competitive advantage. A clear competitive advantage is the key to gain success in production and operation management. An effective operations management is the foundation of enterprise competitive advantage and the fundamental guarantee to realize corporate strategy. This essay deals with the importance of production and operations management in the enterprise,Read MoreOperations Management : Operation Management Essay2171 Words   |  9 PagesOperation Management Operations administration concentrates on precisely dealing with the procedures to create and circulate items and administrations. Operations administration is the procedure, which joins and changes different assets utilized as a part of the creation/operations subsystem of the association into quality included item/benefits in a controlled way according to the arrangements of the association. In this way, it is that part of an association, which is worried with the changeRead MoreOperation Management2751 Words   |  12 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS 1. OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.1. DEFINITION OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT 3 1.2. THE ROLE OF OPERATION MANAGER 3 1.3. RELATIONSHIP OF OPERATION MANAGEMENT WITH OTHER CORE FUNCTIONS 3 2. CASE STUDIES 3 2.1. HEATHROW INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 3 2.2. NESTLÉ UK CHOCOLATE FACTORY 3 3. MAJOR UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE STUDY 3 4. CONCLUSIONS 3 REFERENCES 3 1. Operation Management For the success of an organization, the management crew plays a major role. An organizational structure is based on differentRead MoreOperations Management986 Words   |  4 PagesOPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Select two organisations that you are familiar with – one with a service output and one with a product output, and compare and contrast these organisations with respect to the following aspects: 1.1 The process of transformation of inputs to outputs 1.2 Process and Capacity design 1.3 Supply Chain management 1.4 Scheduling Operations Management refers to the management of the production system that transforms inputs into finished goods and services, (http://csuponomaRead MoreOperation Management2436 Words   |  10 PagesOPERATION MANAGEMENT IS IMPORTANT TO ALL BUSINESS To be able produce specialized managers capable of fulfilling strategic tasks within business and government enterprises the need for the practice of operations management cannot be forgone. Operations management is very significant in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. Operations management deals with the design, operation, and enhancement of the systems that generate and deliverRead MoreOperations Management Chapter 18 Manual1950 Words   |  8 PagesChApter 18 Management of Waiting Lines Teaching Notes Some of the math and calculations can be left out in order to focus more clearly on the concepts of waiting lines. For example, all infinite source problems, including single channel (except constant service time) can be handled using the infinite source queuing table. In the past, queuing presented students with a good bit of computational requirements, and because of that, students frequently lost sight of the underlying concepts. WithRead MoreOperations Management1791 Words   |  8 PagesQUESTION 1 Operations management must be managed properly in order to improve an organization’s productivity and profitability. In the Cadbury World case, several micro and macro processes are involved and those processes bring some impacts to Cadbury World. Thus, Cadbury World must possess a sustainable micro and macro processes to achieve the best outcome and performance. Micro processes that involved are easily to manage compared to macro processes because macro processes are hard to manage

A Play of Love Turned Bad Shakespeares Othello Essay

Shakespeare’s famous play Othello is a play of love that has turned bad by the unfounded jealousy of the protagonist character Othello. Arguably the contribution of Othello’s susceptibility to manipulation, his weaknesses and the manipulation of other characters tactics such as Iago each contribute to the downfall of Othello. However, to the extent of which each is more significant varies and this is what will be analysed in this essay. Like many of Shakespeare’s tragic plays each has to have a tragic hero. Each of these tragic heroes would have a tragic flaw, they were all from a noble class and would each face their tragedy with dignity. The ultimate flaw of each of these characters would vary in each of Shakespeare’s plays; Macbeths’†¦show more content†¦This racist attitude exposes him to the racist predigest from Roderigo and Brabantio who refer to him as an ‘old black ram’ and a ‘thick-lip owe’. This contributes to the downfall of Othello as he ’self-destructively internalizes the prevailing racism’ (Jyotsna Singh,2004) and is what sets the tragedy in motion. The reason being that, Brabantio wouldn’t have revolted against the marriage of Othello and Desdemona if Othello wasn’t a Moor and Rodrigo wouldn’t have been motivated to pursue his love for Desdemona if he didn’t believe that the relationship between Othello and Desdemona was unnatural. The most significant is that Iago plays on Othello’s racial insecurities constantly bringing them to the surface and also acting as a primary cause for Iagos’ destruction of Othello. Othellos’ relationship with Desdemona and Iago also plays a vital part to the downfall of Othello. Othello and Desdemona are portrayed as two great innocents who are romantically in love but with love being the most powerful emotion this ironically leads to vulnerability. Iago, Othellos’ lieutenant armour and a character full of spite and jealousy, uses this vulnerability to turn this romance into a profane love that ends in disaster. From the start of the play the friction between Iago and Othello was apparent because in Act 1 Scene 1 Othello promoted Cassio, a promotion which infuriated Iago as Iago had pleaded lieutenancy. This is shown when Iago says In personal suitShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 868 Words   |  4 PagesFAMILY IS FOREVER When I read Shakespeare, one of the main things I think about is how great women have it today as compared to Shakespeare’s time. While may be arguable that as of recently that we may be living in a post patriarchal society, in Shakespeare’s day the patriarchy was undeniable. Women were property and were utterly controlled by men. They had to look a certain way. act a certain way and most of all be obedient to the men closest to them. The most attractive trait a woman had back inRead MoreComparison Of Wuthering Heights And Othello 1443 Words   |  6 Pagesand contrast how love is explored in ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘Othello’ The theme of love is found throughout the complete history of literature and is still being explored in a vast majority of works today. It is a theme that brings strong emotions to both the characters and the audience. â€Å"Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs†, an extract from Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the examples of this love throughout literature. This quote shows the negative side of love, â€Å"made with theRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1134 Words   |  5 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play Othello, there is love, jealousy, death and of course, a tragic hero. A tragic hero is one who experiences an inner struggle due to some flaw within his/her character; that struggle results in the fall of a hero. According to Aristotle, â€Å"A tragic hero is a character who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Aristotle, Poe tics). Othello is an intricate play that dwells into the privateRead MoreRacism in Shakespeares Othello2768 Words   |  12 PagesRacism in Othello Racism seems to be a big concern in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello. Because the hero of the play is an outsider, a Moor, we have an idea how blacks were regarded in England, in Elizabethan times. There are many references that bring about the issue of racism from the very beginning to the end. In the tragedy, where Othello is coming from is not mentioned, yet through the descriptions the reader is informed that he belongs to one of the Eastern nationalities such as AfricanRead MoreWhat Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello?1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world peop le are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offendedRead MoreMedea and Othello1559 Words   |  7 PagesTwo tragedies from two different time period, Medea and Othello show similarities and differences in their characters, story plots and settings. Euripedes’ Medea written in the classical period and Shakespeare’s Othello written in the romantic era, the two tragedies shows different feel of what tragedies are. First of all, the most obvious difference between these two play is how Medea shows unities (time, place and action) whilst Othello has none. It’s clearly shown in the first scene, as soonRead MoreIago Jealousy Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesIago in William Shakespeare’s play Othello is powered by a force of jealousy that causes all the problems presented throughout the play. It is believed Othello’s jealousy is the source of the tragic events, but it was Iago’s jealousy that brought Othello’s to the surface. Iago’s jealousy stirs from vexation towards Othello. Othello has given Cassio a promotion in rank and not Iago. Iago believes he is a superior fit for the position than Cassio. Out of spite of not receiving the promotion likeRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare2013 Words   |  9 Pages Othello by William Shakespeare is a tragedy that follows â€Å"the Moor of Venice.† The opening scene shows us two men talking about the Moor, who we later discover is Othello. Othello, a black man, married a Senators daughter. After much disputing, the Senator brought this to the attention of the Duke and the other Senators. The Duke sees nothing wrong with the situation and actually sends Othello, Desdemona, and his newly appointed lieutenant Cassio to Cyprus in aid against the Turks. Iago then plotsRead MoreStandards, Biases And Betrayal : Othello By William Shakespeare And Frankenstein 1316 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Mascola World Literature 5/31/16 Standards, Biases and Betrayal Othello by William Shakespeare and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley share a common theme: betrayal. Victor Frankenstein betrays the monster he created, and Iago betrays his superior in command, Othello. In both cases, the person betrayed was viewed as an outcast whose physical appearance threatened established societal norms. In late sixteenth century Europe, the vast majority of people were white. The belief that they were raciallyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice1216 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s famous tragedy â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice† is one of the best tragedies in the literary history. Othello has all of the qualifications Aristotle believes to be a tragic hero and he matches up pretty well to them. Aristotle said, â€Å"A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his downfall.† According to Aristotle, a so called â€Å"tragic hero† has several characteristics. 1. Usually a noble birth. 2. Hamartia, which is also known as the tragic flaw that eventually

Main Causes of Food Insecurity free essay sample

What are the main causes of food insecurity in the world today? Outline and evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems. Introduction World Food Summit defines food security as: â€Å"Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life†. (World Food Summit, 1996) On the contrary, the food insecurity means the situation people who are lack of food or nutrition. A person who lives in such situation for a very long time cannot access enough nutritious food to be healthy. Additionally, food insecurity can be chronic, seasonal or transitory (FAO, 2000). At present, the problem has been more and more serious and it has caused a series of problems. In some areas where food is abundant, the nation feel adequately secured about food. However, there are still over 925 million people (20%) suffering the chronic hunger in the developing counties in 2010 (FAO, 2010). In the graph below, it show the trend of the number of undernourished people in the world, and in 2009 it reached a peak of over 1000 million. Even though the population of hunger decreased in 2010, it is still a difficulty issue for around the world. pic] In general, there are many causes of food insecurity, for instance, the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution, or inadequate use of food at the household level (FAO, 2000). However, all these reasons contribute to one same result, undernourishment. As far as I see, these reasons can be related in two main causes: the short supply of grain and people cannot access enough food to keep a healthy life individually. On one hand, the production of grain is easily affected by natural factors. Firstly, the global food output is facing a huge challenge because of climate change. It is thought that global warming is a important reason for decreasing production of food. Based on NCDC’s data, the average temperature has been rising since 1970, and 1995-2005 is the hottest decade by record which greatly affected the production of grain (NOAA, 2006). In this case, it will be probable to have a reduction in food output with an extreme high temperature. For example, in 2002 Italy experienced a record drop, and in France the wheat harvest nearly declined by 21% (Easterling et al, 2007). Secondly, extreme weather happened more frequently in recent years. This May, drought in China has affected 6. million hectares of farmland, and in the US, floods along the Mississippi River and its tributaries have affected approximately 3. 6 million acres of cropland (Bloomberg, 2011). Although the governments can use the international trade to alleviate the pressure of inadequacy of food supply, the reductions in Europe still have a very negative influence on local inhabita nts and add more unstable factors to current shortage of food supply. Then, for a great number of people in some developing areas, such as Asia and Africa, the shortage of water is the main problem for crop production. In some areas, people cannot afford the expensive fee of irrigation machines. However, the overpumping and waste of the water has caused falling of water in China and India which will lead to the shortage of water in the end. Additionally, the backward agricultural methods and tools, unhealthy people and unhealthy soils in these areas are also important causes. On the other hand, if the demand of food is much huger than the supply in one place, their only way is to access them form others. For many places which is suffering from undernourishment, purchasing food from other countries is quiet difficult. Most of these countries are developing countries, whose food security is limited by their wealthy level. In addition, the huge world population is another reason. The chart below indicates the constantly rising trend of population, the number recently has been over 6 million, and it will be more than 9 million based on their prediction. The huge population will certainly bring enormous pressure to the food security. In other words, the huge world population not only decreases the food per capita, but also brings the world more babies which eeds a long time to become available labor. [pic] The last but not the least, high food prices make the situation even worse. According to FAO s data, the population of undernourishment increased by 75 million, which is higher than it in 2003 to 2005. The scientists analyzed it is caused by the rising food price (FAO, 2008). Additionally, in some countries in African, South American and Asia where average income is very low, to achieve the food se curity is almost impossible. For instance, Afghanistan is one of the most food-insecure countries. In Afghanistan, with 80% of the population living in rural place, the agricultural industry is most significant to this country. However, the households in Afghanistan still need to spend over 60 percent of their budgets on food. In 2008, it can be easily found in the chart, the wheat flour price experienced a sharp increase from 15 per kg to 45 per kg, which greatly increased the burden of the inhabitants (D’Souza, 2011). When the flour price rises, the local people will certainly spend more percentage of their incomes on wheat flour rather than some high-quality vegetables and meat. Unreasonable diet structure can directly contribute to lacking nutrition and influence their healthy. As a result, a vicious circle is created and makes the area trap in chronic hunger. [pic] Food insecurity is the result of many factors; the causes of it are complex and interact. In order to solve the issue, I strongly suggest the solutions should be presented based on the current situation. It is necessary to make greater efforts to develop new kinds of agricultural products or technology to avoid the influence of climate change. For example, we can improve the method of irrigation to make it less wasteful and more widespread. At present, most farmers irrigate their crops by flooding their fields or channeling the water down parallel furrows, relying on gravity to move the water across the land. (Postel, 2001) Thus, this method of irrigation absolutely will waste much water and sometimes even cause the soil erosion. In addition, the scientists can use biotechnology to invent a new kind of grain which is more heat-resistant and drought-tolerant. In this way, it will be possible to reduce the influence of extreme weather and product enough food. Then, the problem is seemed to be more serious in some developing countries because of both low agricultural productivity and the high poverty level. Some of them is affected by wars and political instability, while at the same time, some countries are suffering from the long-term lack of labour and disease. In this case, what I suggest is that the developed areas should pay more attentions to these countries and offer more assistence. For example, the grain are particularly important for the hunger population in some African countries which has no ability to product their own food. Without enough labour and suitable weather for growing crops, grain production is quite low in these countries. Additionally, undernourished people there will easier to infected the HIV/AIDS, and develop all the symptoms of the disease more quickly than the healthy people. (Kadiyala S and Gilleapie S, 2003) Therefore, maybe the only way for this area is to seek helps from other countries. Moreover, this kind of assistance also can be used to relieve the problem of domestic poverty. The government can provide some extra service for the poor, such as food assistance, and social security system to make sure the poor can keep their livings. Eventually, high food prices is mainly caused by the shortage of food supply. In order to solve this issue, governments should consider more about the global situation. Stocking up the crops can guarantee the food supply for the local markets. However, it is not so wise to do so in the current time. Limiting the world food exports can eventually lead to rise of food prices. In other words, the total amount of food is divided into many parts by all the counties, which caused the disparity of food distribution at present. If there is a really global market for all of the grain, maybe the situation will become much better. Conclusion To improve the food insecurity is a long-term job for the people all over the world. In general, the people who lives in South Asia, West Asia and Sub-Saharan African may have the most insecurity about food. Refer to all of these solutions, the actions made by the governments may be the most efficient ways. Offering assistance to the poor can relieve the pressure of food shortage in the short run, and help people overcome the crisis. However, the food insecurity fundamentally result from the shortage of food supply, what we should do is to produce enough food and offer the public an appropriate food price.

Compare Gothic Architecture and Troubadour Poetry free essay sample

Europe had alot of cultural diversity. Gothic Architecture and Troubadour poetry can be compared geographically by their first settings; compared artistically by man expressing himself; and culturally contrasted because of associated religion. Both Gothic architecture and Troubador poetry can be compared because of their settings. It can be shown that Gothic Architecture can be compared because gothic cathedrals popped up in France during the Middle Ages. Its further told that Troubadour Poetry can be compared because the Troubadours emerged in southern France, and the poets were in the Middle Ages too. Both Gothic Architecture and Troubadour Poetry can be compared because of man expressing himself. It can be explained that Gothic Architecture can be compared because it was a way to show the power and clarity that the Catholic Church had over its subject with its insane height. This is further argued that troubadour poetry can be compared because it idealized their perception of romantic, courtly love through words. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Gothic Architecture and Troubadour Poetry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gothic Architecture was a catholic characteristic. On the other hand, Troubador Poetry was not with the catholic beliefs. The contrast with the Gothic Architecture can be defended because the distinct features of it was on cathedrals . The contrast with Troubadour Poetry is justified because it was from a gnostic christian group, called the Cathars, who rivaled against against and were suppressed by the Catholic Church. The Gothic Architecture and Troubadour Poetry both have the same setting and the need for expression through a medium, but differ in religious association.

Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course

Teaching standards are one of the bases for the normal functioning of the college system and the efficiency of the tasks, as well as the orderliness of the curriculum.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the standards established for certain grades must take into account an umber of factors, such as the abilities of the students at the given age, the previous history of the curriculums, the knowledge obtained, the material that has been embraced and the gaps that have been left unfilled, etc. Moreover, at certain points, the curriculums of the two systems are supposed to intertwine, since the material studied in the 10th grade within the sphere of California Standards and the Advanced Placement History Course are supposed to correlate and have the points of contact as the courses that actually teach the same subject. Despite the obvious efficacy of the Californian system of studying and the Advanced Placement History Course, there are obvious discrepancies in the educational systems, which means that the issue has to be considered thoroughly. The analysis of the two systems shows that each of them displays certain peculiarities that cross at the points concerning the skills that the systems are supposed to train in the students, yet have considerable differences in the way the given skills are taught. One of the first issues that one will immediately spot is the recurrent themes that both the Californian curriculum and the Advanced Placement History Course have. While the Californian curriculum themes â€Å"are intended to provide foundational knowledge for future college-level course work† (California tenth grade’s standards, 2008, p. 5), in the Advanced Placement History Course, the themes are obviously supposed to develop the wide spectrum of kn owledge on a certain issue and mostly concern specialized topics: â€Å"Content Standard: World History, Culture, and Geography Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States† (College Board, 2011). It is essential to emphasize that each of the given topics is rather vast, but at the same time vague. In contrast to the Advanced Placement History Course, the Californian standards are much more precise and to the point: â€Å"Content Standard: World History, Culture, and Geography Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States† (College Board 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In terms of the student skills that the given systems train, one should mention that each of the courses presupposes the development of the abilities to analyz e and offer solutions for certain problems. College Board (2011) insists that the students should be able to reason, compare and analyze (p. 7), and California tenth grade’s standards (2008) confirm that: â€Å"CA.9-12.HS Content Standard: Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills.† As for the coverage of the topic s offered, one must admit that the California tenth grade’s standards deals with the given issue in a far more efficient way, offering a plethora of problems to discuss and splitting the curriculum into numerous points, while the College Board (2011) prefers not to go into details. However, the curriculums of the two grades help the students develop comparatively similar skills. Taking a closer look at the curriculum of the Californian educational system, one must mark that the latter presupposes the development of such skills as the ability to analyze and approach a certain issue from multiple viewpoints. According to the College Board (2011), t he students who attend the given courses must obtain the knowledge concerning such spheres as â€Å"interaction between humans and environment† (p. 17), â€Å"development and interaction of cultures† (p. 18), â€Å"State-building, expansion and conflict† (p. 18), â€Å"Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems† (p. 19) and â€Å"Development and transformation of social structures† (p. 20). It seems that with the help of merging the two systems, a more efficient way of coping with the academic material can be found. Comprising the detailed outline of the California tenth grade’s standards and the comprehensibility of the College Board system might finally result in an all-embracing program that will spur the efficiency of the students. Hence, it can be deduced that in the Californian system of teaching the subjects and the one of the Advanced Placement History Course, certain parallels can be traced. Nevertheless, one must admi t hat the system of teaching in the Californian and the Advanced Placement History Course teaching styles both leave much to be desired and offers a vast area for improvements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the help of a rational approach towards the issues that cause the greatest problems in the studying process, one is likely to come up with the most efficient solutions. Moreover, the positive elements of the California Standards and the Advanced Placement World History Course teaching system should be marked as well. It is obvious that with the help of the recurrent issues in the topics and the subjects in the California Standards and the Advanced Placement World History Course, students are likely to digest and remember the material netter. Once introducing the efficient amen dments to the existing system, one is likely to create a perfect environment for fruitful studying. Reference List California tenth grade’s standards (2008). Teaching History Board. Web. College Board (2011). AP world history. Sacramento, CA: The College Board. Web. This essay on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course was written and submitted by user Rodolfo G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

true love essays

true love essays Foolish Love Throughout my life I have behaved in many of foolish ways due to the emotion called love. Love is something I used to dream about as a child and have grown to fear as an adult. Every person feels differently about love, but because of David I hurt my parents, my self-esteem and ability to trust people. At the age of fourteen, I was not concerned with my parents feelings. I did exactly the opposite of what they told me to do and did not think about the consequences. When they found out I was dating a guy five years older than me they tried to prohibit me from seeing him again. I was in love so I made it possible to see David every time he wanted to see me. I would get my parents to drop me off somewhere like the movies or putt-putt and he would pick me up after they had left. I would sneak out of my bedroom window and meet David down the road. I did not care if my parents found out, all that mattered to me was seeing David. I blamed everything that went wrong in my life o n them. If David did not call me one night, I would accuse them of taking the phone off the hook. If David was rude to me, I would claim it was because he knew they did not like him. I would do anything to ignore the fact that David did not love me. It took a while for my parents to forgive me. I can only imagine what I put them through. I just wanted to be loved by David so deeply, I hurt the people who actually loved me the most. Not only did I hurt my parents, I hurt my self-esteem to. I would constantly criticize myself by thinking the reason David left me was because I was not pretty enough for him. In my mind David was perfect and I was nothing without him. I blamed myself for being so young and immature when all along it was David who was the immature one. He would often make jokes about my age as if it was my fault that I was younger than him. I would lock myself in my bedroom and not see or talk to anybody for days at a time. Eventually, I realiz ...

The reason to choose nursing as a career Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The reason to choose nursing as a career - Essay Example The researcher tells that his personal philosophy as a nurse is to provide quality health care especially on a preventive basis. Modern medical practice has moved from curative care to preventive care. Preventive care is cheaper than curative and poses little danger to patients. Preventive care is mainly advisory and leads to a better quality life than curative as the body stays healthy for a long time. The immune system is not weakened and this means that the person is protected from exposure to diseases that weaken the body and may lead to complications. The advice is to practice healthy standards of living so as to prevent the person from health problems that may lead to complications. Modern practice is moving towards preventive care as it costs less to maintain than curative and it leads to long, quality life. The researcher’s philosophy is to also give the most affordable and least invasive care to the patients. Modern medical advances in medicine have offered simple met hods of taking care of patients so as to maintain quality lives. The advances have also integrated natural health care systems with medical care to ensure that people are encouraged to let the body’s immune system work to fight off diseases. This strengthens the immune system and develops immunity that fights off diseases in the case of recurrences. This is important as it helps the body to fight off diseases in future and this is important in improving health.

Gestational Diabetes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gestational Diabetes - Research Paper Example Fetal and neonatal problems that are linked with GD mainly include amplified risk for miscarriage, stillbirth and macrosomia. A regular check and a good meal plan together with physical activity can help pregnant women with GD to have healthy babies. GESTATIONAL DIABETES INTRODUCTION Gestational Diabetes (GD) as the name suggests refers to the diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. It is a serious problem that can be detrimental for both mother and child if not checked regularly. The high blood sugar during pregnancy is mainly linked to the hormonal changes that inhibit the production of insulin. Statistics suggest that about 4 % of all pregnant women have GD. According to the statistical data, in every 100 pregnancy in US, 3 to 8 women get GD that is type-2 diabetes. It is anticipated that about 135,000 cases of GD take place in the US annually (Diabetesinformationhub.com, 2011). Though it is a common problem it is important to keep a check on the blood glucose level because an incr eased glucose level can result in deformities in the baby. In general the fetal and neonatal problems that are linked with GD mainly include amplified risk for miscarriage, stillbirth and macrosomia (Big baby). A regular check and a good meal plan together with physical activity and proper medication can help pregnant women with GD to have healthy babies. ... The main hormones that are responsible in development of placenta during pregnancy are involved in blocking the activity of insulin in the body. In other words the insulin become resistant and does not function normally during pregnancy. Additionally, studies point out that during pregnancy the need of insulin production is about 3 times when compared to normal period. For instance, a mother may require up to three times more insulin for the conversion of glucose to the energy. The need for energy is very high during pregnancy. When body is unable to use insulin due to insulin resistance GD develops. If the high blood glucose level is not kept under check it may lead to hyperglycemia which is dangerous for both mother and child. GD does not usually start until halfway of the pregnancy. It is a common practice to during pregnancy between the 24th and 28th week to receive an oral glucose tolerance test to screen for GD. Women who have risk factors for gestational diabetes may have this test earlier in the pregnancy. Further, the symptoms of GD include blurred vision, fatigue, increased thirst, increased urination, infections in the bladder, vagina and skin, nausea and vomiting and also weight loss in spite of increased appetite (NCBI, 2010). The high risk for GD include the age factor, family history, GD in earlier pregnancies, high urine sugar, high blood pressure, increased amniotic fluid, earlier cases of miscarriages and stillbirths, and also overweight or obese before pregnancy. Chances of GD are high in case the woman is older than 25 years when pregnant. Additionally if the blood relations such as father, mother or siblings of the woman have a history of diabetes, then the chances

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Summary - Essay Example In terms of recruitment, selection is often done on the basis of qualifications and experience of the prospective job candidate in order to establish if he or she is capable of performing the job. Organization can be loosely described as a group of people working together for a common cause or purpose. For instance, a group of people involved in some sort of business can be referred to as an organization because they are somehow organized and they pull their efforts towards the attainment of the desired goals. Usually, people work for different goals such as the need to obtain profit from their operations and these goals can only be achieved if the people involved are organized. In an organization, people have a clear vision and they are aware of the direction to follow in their operations. Interpretation is a term that is used to describe the process where a person tries to explain the meaning of something. For instance, a piece of art or music can have different meanings and people often try to explain these meanings to other people in order for them to fully understand the message that is being conveyed. Thus, interpretation is an attempt to elaborate the meaning of something which can be interpreted in different

Impact of Financial Sector Development on Nigeria

Impact of Financial Sector Development on Nigeria IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ON SECTORIAL GROWTH IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA SECTION ONE Introduction Basically, the banking sector and the non-bank institutions make up the financial system in Nigeria which is responsible for the development of economic growth in the Country. During the pre-liberalization era (from 1986 and below), government had sufficient financial resources to finance a reasonable proportion of economic activities (Adegbite, 2005). However, this era suffered from artificially low cost of commercial credit resulting in inappropriate pricing of credit and deposits, acute scarcity of loanable funds in the system and lastly low level of capital formation for economic development. Studies reveal that the flow of credit to the priority sectors did not meet the prescribed targets and failed to impact positively on output and domestic prices (Nnanna, 2001; Mordi, 2009). In an attempt to make the financial sector buoyant, the government decided to deregulate and liberalize all the sectors of the economy as outlined in the Structural Adjustment Program introduced in1986. During this period, interest rates were low and this eased the flow of credit to the desired sectors of the economy. By 1992, the number of banks had risen from 56 in 1986 to 120 and a capacity utilization rate of 38.1%, while the GDP rate stood at 2.9%. Due to the banking distress from 1994 to 2002, the total number banks dwindled to 99. However, the capacity utilization rose to 48% with an increased growth rate of 4%. This was due to recapitalization process undertaken by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to sustain the financial sector, hence, making it competitive. In 2004, the consolidation exercise made the banking industry a leading player in the actualization of the goals set by the government for the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) programme. In 2009, as part of the broad economic measures to respond to the adverse effects of the global financial and economic crises, the CBN in conjunction with the fiscal authorities engineered measures to avert a collapse of the financial system with a view to maintaining economic growth (Odeniran and Udeeaja, 2010). Unfortunately, the supply of credit to investors remains questionable as capacity utilization rate is still low (50%), thus, retarding economic growth with GDP of 7.5%. Despite the increasing developments within the financial sector, economic growth still lags behind. A lot of studies have investigated the nexus between financial sector development and economic growth on an aggregative approach. However, their studies did not look at the specific sectors which f inancial development influences in Nigeria, for example, agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, industrial sector and the external sector. Hence, a fundamental question that arises is to find out whether a link exists between financial sector development and economic growth. Going to specifics, this study aims at answering the following questions: What is the effect of financial sector development on the agricultural sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on manufacturing sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on industrial sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on the external sector in Nigeria? What are the constraints associated with financial sector development in Nigeria? Research Objectives The main objective of this work is to investigate the link between the financial development and economic growth in Nigeria. The specific objectives are: To examine the impact of financial sector development on the agricultural sector in Nigeria. To investigate the effect of financial sector development on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. To analyze the impact of financial sector development on the industrial sector in Nigeria. To study the effect of financial sector development on the external sector in Nigeria. To identify the constraints associated with financial sector development in Nigeria. Theoretical Review The relationship between financial sector development and economic growth covers a broad spectrum of ideas such as intermediation, repression, liberalization, regulation, diversification, innovations, reforms and implementation. Though financial systems are mere intermediaries that insure the optimal allocation of savings for investment (Chick, 1998), however, they play a decisive role in the process of economic development (Stiglitz, 1998). These views are upheld by the pre-Keynesians and also recognized by the post-Keynesians, though with some degree of discordance. Keynes in the 1930s hypothesized that finance precedes savings (Zina and Trigui, 2001). However, the basic import of the post- Keynesians such as Asimakopulos (1983), Kregel (1984-5), Davidson (1986), Richardson (1986) and Terzi (1986), in their chronological analysis, suggest that savings apparently appears to be a by-product in the process of the income creation. Two important theories that emerged in 1973 and have lent credence to the Keynesian hypothesis are the McKinnon’s â€Å"Complementarity Hypothesis† and Shaw’s â€Å"Debt Intermediation View†. In their thesis they both argued that the repressed financial markets (low and administered interest rates, domestic credit controls, high reserve requirements and concessional credit practices) discourages savings, retards the efficient allocation resources, increases the segmentation of financial markets, constrains investment and in turn lowers the economic growth rate (see, Bouzid, 2012). These fundamen tal ideas of McKinnon-Shaw are enshrined in the â€Å"Repression Theory† and thus depict a positive relationship between interest rate and financial development. However, a number of authors feel that liberalizing the financial systems is the ultimate goal for investment and economic activities thus complimenting the McKinnon-Shaw thesis. Many developing countries have implemented financial liberalization policies through the market-based interest rate determination, reducing controls on credit by gradually eliminating the directed and subsidized credit schemes, developing primary and secondary securities markets, enhancing competition and efficiency in the financial system by privatizing nationalized commercial banks with the aim of eliminating repressed regimes as suggested by the â€Å"Liberalization Theory†. Two other hypotheses that explain financial development and economic growth are the â€Å"Supply Leading Hypothesis† and â€Å"Demand Following Hypothesis†, in line with the views of Patrick (1966) and Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2008) postulate a feedback mechanism between economic growth and financial development. According to the supply-leading hypothesis, financial deepening stimulates economic growth. The demand-following hypothesis on the other hand, posits economic growth precedes financial development. This implies advancements in economic activities trigger an increase demand for more financial services and thus leading to greater financial sector development (Gurley and Shaw 1967), also in line with the views of Goldsmith (1969) and Jung (1986). A positive relationship between financial sector development and economic growth has largely been projected by â€Å"Exogenous Growth Models† as well as â€Å"Endogenous Growth Models†. Bencivenga and Smith (1991) and Levine (1991) endogenous growth models to a greater extent have identified the channels through which financial markets affect long-run economic growth. The end result of this model is that economic growth performance is related to financial development, technology and income distribution (see, Chukwuka, 2012). The growth models developed by Harrod and Domar affirm the role of investment in economic growth, based on the dual characteristics of investment: Firstly, investment creates income â€Å"Demand Effect† and secondly, it augments the productive capacity of the economy thereby increasing its capital stock â€Å"Supply Effect†. In summary, the Harrod-Domar growth model postulates that economic growth will proceed at the rate which society can mobilize domestic savings resources coupled with the productivity of the investment (Somoye, 2002). Empirical Review Substantial literature have analyzed the link that exist between financial system development and economic growth. These analyses have raised a lot contention on the direction of causality, but however fall within the remits of the theories. First, the Harrod-Domar growth model leads to a hypothesis which affirms a one-way causality from financial development to economic growth. Second, there is unidirectional causality from growth to finance, empirically confirmed by Shan, et al (2001) who concluded that economic growth causes financial development in China. And the third which does not rule out a bi-directional causality between economic growth and financial development as hypothesized in early and recent literature (Gurley and Shaw 1960, 1967; Bencivenga and Smith, 1991). Measuring financial development as the ratio of financial intermediary assets divided by gross national product, Goldsmith (1969) analyzed data from thirty-five countries for the period 1860-1963 and discovered that a positive correlation with feedback effects existed between financial development and economic growth over longer periods. He however established that financial development largely occurs during the early stages of economic development when countries have low levels of income. De Gregor and Guidotti (1995) reached the same conclusion that financial development and economic growth are strong in the early stages of development but further showed that the effect of financial development on growth becomes weaker as countries become more developed, perhaps because of problems with measuring financial development or because financial intermediaries actually have larger effects in less developed countries than in more developed ones and this is in line with the findings of Wachtel and Rousseau (1998) while considering five industrialized Countries. These argument has been debunked in the finding of Besci and Wang (1997) who reached the conclusion that even though financial development occurs and may precede economic growth, its direction of causality is unclear in an economic sense. In a similar work, Rousseau and Sylla (1999) further found strong support for finance led growth after examining the historical role of finance in the U.S from 1790-1850. Empirical studies have shown that financial development can lead to economic growth only through financial sector development at the micro level. For instance, Rajau and Zingales (1998) in their study showed that industrial sectors that relatively need more external finance develop more disproportionately faster in countries with more developed financial markets. Beck and Levine (2002) supported this finding using different financial development measures. Wurgler (2000) noted that countries with a higher level of financial development increase investment more in growing industries and decrease investment more in declining industries than financially underdeveloped economies. In Nigeria, Adelakun (2010), used the ordinary least squares estimation method to determine the perceived relationship between financial development and economic growth. The result showed that there is a substantial positive effect of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria, however, this requires diversification of financial instruments. Shittu (2012) using data from 1970 to 2010 employed the error correction mechanism also concluded that financial intermediation can propel economic growth in Nigeria. These findings are contrary to earlier studies. For instance, Ndebbio (2004), using an ordinary least squares regression analysis, established that the strength of the effect of financial sector development on per capita growth of output is weak due to the absence of a well functioning capital market, while Nnanna (2004) using the same approach concluded that financial sector development did not significantly affect per capita growth of output. Odeniran and Udeaja (2010) tested the nexus between financial development in a VAR framework over the period 1960-2009. Their results suggest bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth variable. Based on this finding, they indicate that the current reforms in the Nigerian banking sector should not be emphasized unilaterally. Rather, attention should be given to the complimentary and coordinated development of financial reforms and changes in the real sector of the economy. Methodology and Source of Data Choosing the indicators for financial development is an uphill task because the provision of financial services is broad. Adelakun (2010) noted that, there is a diverse array of agents and institutions involved in the financial intermediation activities, thus making the definition of proxies difficult. Thus, for simplicity this study shall adopt Erdal et. al (2007) model, which is a slight modification of the growth model of Ram (1999). Thus, the model shall be adopted to include the different sectors to be investigated. Financial development indicators to be considered are: Money supply to GDP ratio (M2) measures the degree of monetization in the economy as well as the depth of the financial sector, bank deposit liabilities to GDP ratio(BK), determines the capacity of the banking sector, domestic credit to GDP ratio (DC), which reflects the extent to which financial intermediaries allocate savings, ratio of private sector credit to GDP ratio (PS) which profitable investments, monitor managers, facilitate risk management, and mobilize savings, real interest rate (Ri), the ratio of bank liquidity to GDP (BKL), the ratio of gross fixed capital formation to GDP (GFC), trade openness as a ratio of GDP (TO) is a measure of external sector, agriculture out to GDP ratio (AG) for the agriculture sector, GY, which is the annual growth of the gross domestic product (GDP), industrial output to GDP ratio (IO) and manufacturing to GDP ratio (MA). The different model specifications are: And the overall financial growth link is given as: A Priori Expectation The expected signs of all the coefficients for the different variables are positive except for the interest rate coefficients which are negative. Source of Data The data shall be collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin, Nigerias National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank world development report. References Adelakun, O (2010): â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria†.International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment Vol. 1, No 1. Adegbeti, E. (2005): â€Å"Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Development In Nigeria: The Role Of Management†. Being a Paper Delivered At The Inaugural National Conference Of The Academy Of Management Nigeria At Abuja, Nigeria Titled Management: Key To National Development, at Rockview Hotel, Abuja. Asimakopulos, A. (1983): â€Å" Kalecki and Keynes on finance, investment and saving†. Cambridge Journal of Development of Economics, 7 : 221-33. Besci, Z. and Wang, P. (1997) â€Å"Financial Development and Growth†Economic Review 4th Quarter 46-62 Bencivenga, V. and Smith, B. (1991): â€Å"Financial intermediation and endogenous growth†. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 403–44. Bouzid, A. (2012): â€Å"McKinnon’s Complementarity Hypothesis:Empirical Evidence for the Arab Maghrebean Countries† The Romanian Economic Journal,r XV no. 44 Pp 23-35 De Gregorio, J. and P.E . Guidotti. (1995). â€Å"Financial development and economic growth†. World Development, 23(3): 433-48 Chick,V. (1998): â€Å"Finance and investment in the context of development : a Post-Keynesian perspective –, in Kalevi,J. and Fontaine, J.M.: Restoring Demand in the World Economy: Trade, Finance and Technologie â€Å".Edward Elgar,Cheltenham, UK.Northampton, MA, USA. Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A. and R. Levine (2001b): â€Å"Bank-Based and Market-Based Financial Systems: Erdal G., Okan, V. S. and Behiye, T. (2007). Financial Development and Growth: Evidence from Northern Cyprus, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 8. Goldsmith, R.(1969): â€Å"Financial Structure and Development,† Yale Univ. Press, New Haven CN. Gurley and Shaw, 1960, Money in a Theory of Finance, the Brookings Institution Gurley, J and Shaw, E. (1960). â€Å"Financial intermediaries and the saving- investment process†. Journal of Finance. Levine, R, N. Loayza, and T. Beck (2000) â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes†, Journal of Monetary Economics, 46, pp. 31-77 Mordi, C (2009): â€Å"Overview of Monetary Policy Framework in Nigeria†. CBN Bullion Vol 33, No 1. Ndebbio, J.E. (2004). â€Å"Financial deepening, economic growth and development: Evidence from selected sub-Saharan African Countries†. Research Paper 142 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, Kenya, August. Nnanna, O (2001): â€Å"Monetary Management: Objectives, Tools and the Role of Central Banks in the Region†. Regional Forum on Economic and Financial Management for Parliamentarians, Nigeria: WAIFEM. Nnanna, O.J (2004). â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Economic and Financial Review Sept. Vol. 42, No. 3. Odeniran, S. and Udeaja, E. (2010): â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria†. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review Volume 48/3 Patrick,T. (1966): â€Å"Financial Development and Economic Growth in Underdeveloped Countries†, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14, 174-189. Rajan, R. G. and L. Zingales, (1998) â€Å"Financial Dependence and Growth† American Economic Review 88, 559-586. Ram, R. (1999). Financial Developing and Economic Growth: Additional Evidence. Journal of Development Studies, 35(4), 164-74. Rousseau, P. (1999) â€Å"Finance, Investment, and Growth in Meiji-era Japan.†Japan and the World Economy 11, 185-198 Rousseau, P. L and R. Sylla (1999): â€Å"Emerging Financial Markets and Early U.S Growth†, NBER Working Papers 7448, Rousseau, P.L. and R.Sylla (2001): â€Å"Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Stabilization†, NBER Working Paper No.8323, June Shan, J.Z., F. Sun and L. Jianhong. (2006). Does Financial Development Lead to Economic Growth? The case of China. Annals of Economics and Finance 1, 231-250 Shan, J.Z., F. Sun and A. Morris, (2001). Financial Development and Economic Growth. Review of International Economics 9, 443-54 Shittu, A. (20012): â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Nigeria†. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.4 No.2 (2012) Stiglitz, J. (1998): â€Å"The Role of the Financial System in Development†. Presentation at the Fourth Annual Bank Conference on Develoment in Latin America and the Caribben, San Salvador, El Salvador, June 29. 3 Terzi,A.(1986: â€Å"The independence of finance from saving : a flow of funds interpretation†. Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics, 9(2) : 188-97. Wachtel, P. and P. Rousseau (1998). â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Economic Performance: Historical Evidence from Five Industrialized Countries†, Journal of Money credit and Banking Volume 30, Number 4 Wurgler, J. (2000). â€Å"Financial Markets and the Allocation of Capital†, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.58 pp. 187-214.

The Illusion of Tradition in Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Ja

The Illusion of Tradition There is a Lottery going on today and we all hold a ticket. In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson is asking people to stop for a moment and take a look at the traditions around them. Shirley Jackson uses symbolism to show that traditions today are sometimes as misguided as the tradition of the lottery in that small town in Somewhere, USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evil can be evoked in the most kind-hearted person if tradition deems it ok. Though the years there have been many wars in which many men have fought, and killed. If not put in a war torn environment the men in those wars would never have killed anyone. School children continually bully each other, sometimes to the point of serious injury. Otherwise kind, loving children, gain strength through numbers and, as a group encourage each other, making it ok to torment another. Usually a much weaker and shy child is on the receiving end of this torment. The children in â€Å"The Lottery† symbolize how humans have a duel nature that allows usually friendly people to become violent when put in the right situation with the right conditions. â€Å"On a beautiful day in June the young children choose there stones. Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones; Bobb y and Harry Jones and Dickie Delacroix-- the villagers pronounced this name "Dellacroy"--eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys.†(255) People in this small town are the same as in any small town, but when empowered with numbers and a tradition that deem it ok, evil shows it’s ugly face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today tradition is a strong part of out lives. We do not have any traditions that are as extreme as the lottery, however â€Å"The Lottery† symbolizes that relevance can be lost over time. Take the Bible for example, it has been written and rewritten several times over thousands of years, translated from one language to another and then to another. Even over the relatively short period of time in â€Å"The Lottery† many thing had been lost from there tradition. â€Å"At one time, some people remembered, there had been a recital of some sort, performed by the official of the lottery, a perfunctory, tuneless chant that had been rattled off duly each year; some people believed that the official of the ... ...obody work any more, live that way for a while. Used to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.'† (258) â€Å"There's always been a lottery," he added petulantly.† (258) Tradition is so strongly rooted that it is tied to the fertility of the land and how well a year’s crop will be. Each and every day we face life with the chance that we may not make it through the day. The black box in â€Å"The Lottery† symbolizes the fact that we are mortal beings and just as easy as not we may die any given day. â€Å"Mr. Graves had selected the five slips and put them in the box, and he dropped all the papers but those onto the ground, where the breeze caught them and lifted them off.† (259) Automobile accidents, cancer, heart attacks, any number of things could happen to anyone any time as easy as the slips of paper fell into the box. The slips falling into the box and the wind blowing the others away symbolizes how random life really is with respect to death. Live your life full and pray the wind blows for you. Works Cited Jackson, Shirley. ?The Lottery.? Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Diana Gioia. 6thed. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.

African continent Essay

My friend came from the African continent, we had shared a lot since we had met in high school and she had always told me stories of her country, most of the stories sounded interestingly and I knew deep down in my heart that it would be a place I would want to visit probably for adventure purposes. It was one of the school holidays when she had been preparing to go back home for an event that was important to her and her clansmen. She had told me that it would be great event and that I was welcome to attend, then event was supposed to go for a week. I was hesitant at first because I knew that I would a lot of money for my transport and accommodation but still really needed to go for an adventure. I thought about it for about six months and I approaching my parents to see if they could finance me. It took a few days when at last they both asked me how safe I would being that far from home. My dad had wondered how safe Africa could be and especially for someone like me who had never been there before. When I convinced them that my friend would take care of me and always give me company they granted my wish! I remember having sat next to my friend in the plane leaving for Nairobi with a lot of anxiety, many imaginations but soon feel asleep since the journey was a long one. We flew for many hours and eventually got to land in the large airport that was filled with peoples movements. We walked out through the arrivals exit and I followed my friends who led me to a huge group of people who I came to learn later that they were her relatives. We put our bags onto a car, entered and were driven off. We then reached to her parents’ home and for sure I could see that it was full of people, my friend told me that the main event was going to take place the following day and that is the reason there were so many people to do the preparation. We were walked through the people as we shook their hands a way of greeting in many parts of Africa. I was shown the room that I would spend my nights which was well lit and next to where my friend was to occupy. The next morning we were woken up very early, I had lost truck of time and I kept trying to figure out and adjust to the time zones. I had told that this day marked a very important transition period to the age group; it was their initiation day! That the process takes a week, which all the initiates had been sent away from home to the wild for months! When the right time reached I saw a parade of many young looking people all in traditional attires, they looked so wonderful! They had colors on their heads and funny slipper- like shoes. There was a lot of singing and dancing, ooh it was wonderful! The main ceremony/initiation process was to start at 4. 30 in the morning and it was a circumcision ceremony. Very old people were to perform the act, the initiates were many and that the process as painful as it is they do not administer anesthesia this way they rate the initiate who undergoes the whole process without any sign of fear or pain as the bravest one. Now I realized at some point that some girls I had seen at the parade were also waiting to undergo the same procedure! I couldn’t believe it, how could a society be so cruel? How could anyone want to mutilate the genitals of a female? I kept asking my friend and I was in total dismay! She kept telling me that it is the society way of intiating the girl child from childhood to adulthood. But I wondered why through such a cruel act? Can’t there be anyone who can stand against it and educate this society the health damages associated? I then observed that the same razor blades were used on all the initiates and at this point I made up my mind that I was not going to leave this place having not conveyed my dismay to the few people who would care to listen. There was so much tension as the process took place, much tension from the parents of the initiates because if anyone cried or screamed during the process they could be left alone and the whole society would treat such a person as a coward. Every time the operation went well there would be ululations in high voices. The few times the operation didn’t go smoothly there would kicks and blows it was so cruel. That whole event challenged me to try and convince the people there how wrong it was to use the same blades, the dangers of HIV and AIDS associated to sharing such items, the health problems associated to Female Genital Mutilation and for sure I was met with hostility but with time since it sank down in some people and they began to see the truth of the matter. Well, I got the contacts of those I found to be reasonable and I have continued to having communication with them, trying to educate them on these matters but the response is slow and I don’t think I will give up even if it takes my life time to have spread this word.

Useful Expressions on Essay Essays

Useful Expressions on Essay Essays Useful Expressions on Essay Essay Useful Expressions on Essay Essay Useful expressions to write an essay Introduction first of all to begin with in order to decide whether. or not to outline the main points firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally / eventually Enumerating arguments in addition to / additionally besides / moreover / furthermore above all Weighing up arguments on the one hand.. on the other hand to consider the advantages and disadvantages arguments for and against to discuss the pros and cons in theory in reality both and. not only ut also anyway / at any rate / in any case in fact / actually / as a matter of fact up to a point so to speak by no means / not at all Comparisons compared to / in comparison with to draw / make a comparison between and similarly as well as Restrictions however / though nevertheless whereas although / though / even though in spite of / despite unlike in contrast to / with sth. on the contrary sth is contrary to sth Refering to with reference to regarding as regards as far as s concern ed according to (according to is used to introduce someone elses opinion. Dont say according to me) afin de decider si ou non exposer les points principaux de plus, en outre surtout discuter le pour et le contre a la fois.. et.. de toute facon en fait jusqua un certain point pour ainsi dire pas du tout / en aucune facon aussi bien que / de meme que tandis que bien que / meme si malgre a la difference de en ce qui concerne selon Emphasizing I’d like to point out that I’d like to emphasize Jaimerais faire remarquer que Jaimerais mettre laccent sur Generalizing on the whole in general / generally speaking as a rule to some extent to a large extent / to what extent ? in many ways in all respects in most / many cases basically Giving examples for example / for instance such as / including in particular / particularly to give you an example of what I mean to illustrate this point what I mean is et cetera / and so on / and so forth that is to say / i. Making exeptions apart from except with the exception of Giving reasons because as / since because of the reason for this is the reason why for some reasons or another I have every reason to believe that Consequences therefore consequently / as a result for this reason / all these reasons Personal point of view I think that in my opinion/ in my view / to my mind this is a matter of opinion in my experience as far as I know as far as I am concerned to be aware / unaware of a problem to tell the truth the fact is that I am convi nced that I firmly believe that I feel sth should be done about that n regle generale dans une certaine mesure a bien des egards a tous les egards dans la plupart / beaucoup de cas fondamentalement / a la base tel que / y compris et caetera cest a dire comme, puisque donc en ce qui me concerne etre conscient de Agreeing I entirely / absolutely agree with that’s exactly my own view I’m of exactly the same opinion that’s perfectly true I’d like to support this view Disagreeing I partly disagree with I don’t entirely agree with I agree in principle, but That’s not the way I see it I see things rather differently myself I’m not at all convinced that I’m not absolutely sure Interest, Plans, Intentions to be interested in sth / in doing sth It interests me a lot My main / particular interest is I have the intention of doing I am prepared to do sth I am determined to do sth I’m planning to do th I’m very keen on doing sth Lack of interest I find †¦ rather uninteresting / boring I don’t take any interest in It’s all the same to me whether It means nothing to me Summarizing and drawing conclusions finally last of all last but not least in conclusion / to conclude we can draw the conclusion to sum up / to summari ze we can say all in all in short / in brief / briefly all things considered the subject under discussion I find it difficult to reach a conclusion but I’m tempted to say Modifying adverbs totally / entirely / completely mostly / mainly / chiefly partly comparatively / relatively extremely / incredibly Ca mest egal si globalement surtout / principalement, essentiellement

Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept

Aggression is a social behavior that differs throughout cultures and society. Aggression is also a trend that occurs in nature’s wildlife. Some animals are more aggressive than others. For example, lions can and will attack almost any other animal for its prey. This is very different behavior from a giraffe that can barely defend itself while feeding on a nearby tree. Some societies seem to have more aggressive behavior than others. Germany, when under the influence of Hitler, had a very high death rate among its Jewish population, which devastated many families. Aggression can also be a biological trend through a family’s genes and DNA. Researchers have tried to link aggression to heredity and hormones. Many structures in the brain have been found to be very significant in studying aggression within families. A high level of the hormone, testosterone, has also been linked to aggressive behavior. These are very interesting aspects of aggression, but this essa y will mainly focus on aggression as a product of social learning. The social learning theory explains that aggression is likely to be learned by watching others who have an aggressive nature in their actions, which is very dangerous. Violence is usually a result when dealing with aggression among society. In Sdorow’s Psychology textbook, he states that researchers have found women to be more aggressive after watching their parents act aggressively. A study conducted by Albert Bandura showed that children acted aggressively towards a â€Å"Bobo doll† after seeing an adult hitting the doll several times. The behaviors towards the doll were very different than those of children who did not observe any aggression towards Bobo. Children are also more likely to show aggression towards other children after watching a violent show on television. Many cultures and countries other than the United States show aggression in their society. Rome used to hold gladiator e... Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept Free Essays on Aggression As A Concept Aggression is a social behavior that differs throughout cultures and society. Aggression is also a trend that occurs in nature’s wildlife. Some animals are more aggressive than others. For example, lions can and will attack almost any other animal for its prey. This is very different behavior from a giraffe that can barely defend itself while feeding on a nearby tree. Some societies seem to have more aggressive behavior than others. Germany, when under the influence of Hitler, had a very high death rate among its Jewish population, which devastated many families. Aggression can also be a biological trend through a family’s genes and DNA. Researchers have tried to link aggression to heredity and hormones. Many structures in the brain have been found to be very significant in studying aggression within families. A high level of the hormone, testosterone, has also been linked to aggressive behavior. These are very interesting aspects of aggression, but this essa y will mainly focus on aggression as a product of social learning. The social learning theory explains that aggression is likely to be learned by watching others who have an aggressive nature in their actions, which is very dangerous. Violence is usually a result when dealing with aggression among society. In Sdorow’s Psychology textbook, he states that researchers have found women to be more aggressive after watching their parents act aggressively. A study conducted by Albert Bandura showed that children acted aggressively towards a â€Å"Bobo doll† after seeing an adult hitting the doll several times. The behaviors towards the doll were very different than those of children who did not observe any aggression towards Bobo. Children are also more likely to show aggression towards other children after watching a violent show on television. Many cultures and countries other than the United States show aggression in their society. Rome used to hold gladiator e...

Compare and contract micheloangelo david and bernini's david Essay

Compare and contract micheloangelo david and bernini's david - Essay Example During the Renaissance period, people rediscovered the skill and knowledge of the ancient worlds of Greece and Rome. The lessons learned from the ancients contributed significantly to the technical developments in ‘realistic’ painting that emerged during this period through the efforts of a variety of famous artists including Masaccio, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. As the period waned, Baroque artists such as Caravaggio, Rubens and Bernini focused more upon natural expression, form and emotion in their work. By comparing representative works of sculpture from each of these two periods, such as â€Å"David† by Michelangelo and â€Å"David† by Bernini, one can get a sense of the difference between Renaissance and Baroque art and attitudes as well as an understanding of why these different approaches can sometimes be confused. Michelangelo's David was created over a space of three years - from 1501 until 1503 - and was carved out of a solid b lock of Carrera marble. The figure of David stands more than 17 feet tall and shows him in contrapposto stance. This means that his back leg is straight and obviously is supporting most of his weight while his front leg is slightly bent with the foot resting on the ground for balance. This was a favorite position for Greek and Roman statuary, which is what Michelangelo was trying to replicate using Biblical instead of mythological figures. This pose tends to throw the hips out of alignment, forcing one up and out and the other down and in, which is seen in this statue. At the same time, his right shoulder dips slightly down toward his out-thrust hip and his head twists to look over his slightly raised left shoulder. Michelangelo's David is completely nude and stands with his sling resting back over his left shoulder as if he is sizing up his enemy for the stone throw that will bring him victory. His left hand supports the sling near his shoulder while his right hand is held tensely down by his thigh. His hand is bent in a way that suggests he could be holding the stone he intends to use. David's chin is slightly down, causing his eyes to glare out from under a wavy abundance of bangs hanging over his forehead and he appears ready for the battle about to begin. Bernini's David was created more than a century later, carved out of marble during a seven month period from 1623 to 1624. This statue is life-sized and shows David in a moment of action, just as he is about to let his stone fly. His stance can best be described as mid-leap although both feet have contact with the ground. His hips and head face forward, but his upper body is twisted around to the side with one arm behind him as he gets ready to launch his missile. Although he is not nude, there is a great deal of musculature visible in his frame, such as in the lines of his exposed legs and the muscles of his stomach where the light fabric of his garment clings to his body. Whether this is because it is wet with the sweat of his fear in facing the giant or because it is being pressed to his body because of the wind of his motions is unclear. It might even be simply because Bernini wanted to demonstrate a fine physique in his character. The muscles of his upper body seem almost alive as they ripple over his rib cage and through his chest while the fabric of his garment bunches around his upper thighs and hips and fastens over his

The impact of our race and ethnicity on our identity Essay

The impact of our race and ethnicity on our identity - Essay Example As Peter Schuck and Rogers Smith argue, American citizenship has never been exclusively "consensual." There has always been an interpretive imbalance between John Locke's "individualistic liberalism," which has been the attributed conceptual cornerstone of the American Revolution, and the less-acknowledged influence of "Atlantic republicanism" that underlies that of an American empire. Zora Neale Hurston developed into an avid reader and an attentive listener, a fan of myth, legend, and local lore. In Eatonville, where everyone is some shade of black, Zora is no different from anyone else. The white people she meets in Eatonville differ from her only insofar as they do not live there. As Barbara Johnson points out, the Zora of Eatonville disappears in Jacksonville and becomes a colored girl. "The acquisition of color is a loss of identity," Johnson writes. Moreover, color seems not to be "fixed" but a "function of motion" from Eatonville to Jacksonville. Although Johnson is writing primarily about How It Feels to Be Colored Me, published in 1928, her comments are equally valid for Dust Tracks, since Hurston reuses, revising only slightly, many of the same passages from her earlier work. Hurston's sense of separation from her warm and safe familial life and her subsequent departure from Eatonville to Jacksonville begin a lifetime of wandering from and returning to her roots. Although Zora returns to Eatonville after her father's second marriage, she is never able to return to her mother's home; it has become simply a house. Zora's knock-down, drag-out fight with her stepmother, whom she never forgives for usurping her mother's place, emphasizes Hurston's displacement from her home and family. In one sense, however, her alienation precipitates her journey from Eatonville to Washington, D.C., and later to New York City to gain education and a better life. This journey echoes that of many Negroes who moved from the black belt of the South to the North. Hurston's journey repeats in a way the migration by slaves to gain life and freedom, followed by subsequent migrations made by Blacks to find work in northern factories and to improve life for themselves and their children. The plot development of Hurston's autobiography, then, owes much to a black tradition, going back to slave narratives and to early black autobiographies. The toll of substance use and abuse among black males, noted by social scientists since the earliest decades of this century, continues to waylay many men's struggle to effectively parent. Over a decade ago, Robert Staples explained that among black people, abuse of both drugs and alcohol are a product of an exploitative economy that offers minimum wages, little employment, and a lack of educational opportunities. Since then, the economy has become more distressing for working-class and poor black Americans, and these men's accounts seem to confirm Staples' analysis. For many black men, he argued, substance use and

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Dissertation

How Has The Global Financial Crisis Impacted Consumer Behaviour with Reference to The UK Car Industry - Dissertation Example h 40 3.8.2 Plagiarism 40 3.9 Chapter Review 41 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 42 Chapter 5: ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 55 5.1 Conclusions 55 5.2 Recommendations 56 5.3 Reflections 57 REFERENCES 59 List of Figures Figure 1.3.1: Factors influencing Car Buyer Behaviour 6 Figure 2.1.1: GDP Growth in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.2: Financial Conditions and Housing Price Developments in the United Kingdom 13 Figure 2.1.3: Unemployment in the United Kingdom during the Global Financial Crisis 14 Figure 2.1.4: Seasonally Adjusted Household Final Consumption Expenditure for the UK 16 Figure 2.1.5: UK Consumer Confidence 17 Figure 2.1.6: Seasonally Adjusted Durable Goods Expenditure Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 18 Figure 2.1.7: Seasonally Adjusted Transport Growth Rates for the United Kingdom 19 Figure 2.1.8: UK Mortgage Approvals 20 Figure 2.1.9: UK Investment Risk Appetite 20 Figure 2.2.1: New and Used Car Sales in the United Kingdom 23 Figure 2.2.2: New Car Market Volume and Value in the United Kingdom 24 Figure 2.2.3: Steps that Consumers Took to Offset Rising Fuel Prices 25 Figure 4.1: New Car Registrations for Ford in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.2: New Car Registrations for Vauxhall in the United Kingdom 44 Figure 4.3: New Car Registrations for Volkswagen in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.4: New Car Registrations for BMW in the United Kingdom 45 Figure 4.5: New Car Registrations for Audi in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.6: New Car Registrations for Nissan in the United Kingdom 46 Figure 4.7: Income Distribution Level of those Contemplating Buying a Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 49 Figure 4.8: Price Paid for Current Car in the United Kingdom after End of the Global Financial Crisis 50 Figure 4.9: Factors Initiating Decision to Buy a Current Car in the United Kingdom after the End of the Global Financial Crisis 51 Figure 4.10: Number of Models Considered when Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 52 Figure 4.11: Sources of Information Used when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 53 Figure 4.12: Trade-offs when Deciding about Buying a Current Car after the End of the Global Financial Crisis in the United Kingdom 54 List of Tables Table 4.1: New Car Registrations for Various Models of Cars during the Global Financial Crisis 43 Table 4.2: Most Popular Models of Cars Sold in the United Kingdom in the Year 2010 47 Acknowledgements Declaration of Originality MASTERS DISSERTATION SUBMISSION FORM Student’s family name: First names: Student ID No: Course: Supervisor: Dissertation Title: How has the Global

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Example for Free

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay Mein Kampf is a book of two volumes authored by Adolf Hitler. The first volume was written whilst dictated to Rudolph Hess and Emile Maurice in Landsberg prison where Hitler was sentenced to following the failure of an attempted coup d’etat of the Bavarian government in 1924. Mein Kampf is significant amongst historiography as it is thought to be an insight into the mind of Adolf Hitler. This book is not only autobiographical but full of memoires and political ideologies, which have subsequently sparked debate as to whether this piece of primary historical evidence can be regarded as the blue-print for Hitler’s future ambitions. An intentionalist view by Historians’ such as Lucy Dawidowicz, argues that the Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long term plan, whereas the functionalist perspective by Historians’ such as Christopher Browning is of the result of a competing agents within the Reich to answer the Jewish question. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf: Nation and Race, shows to comprehend with the intentionalist interpretation that this did indeed set the foundation for Holocaust as a propaganda medium. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf is a race rhetoric that advocates social-Darwinism in favour of the German Aryan race and even justifies war with the ‘racially lower’. This chapter refers to natural selection within humanity as the will of nature and of God. The word ‘Nature’ is emphasised being mentioned 20 times within the passage purveying it as a natural process. The mixing of genes with ‘lesser’ races are referred to as a sin against God, in which context Jews are included. Language used in this passage has been described as using metaphors to enforce racial prejudice, although evident is how the use of language has not only been used for easily digestible comparisons, but also as graphic and horrifying, such as ‘blood poisoning’ when describing breeding with a ‘weaker race’. Also described are the consequences of the integration of races and given examples of how this would be catastrophic for humanity. In regards to the book as a whole, anti-Semitism is consistent throughout Mein Kampf and is evident of Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish people, with quotes of ‘real’ Germans surviving in the war if a great number of Jews had been killed with poison gas. Mein Kampf was written at a time when Hitler was banned from public speaking. This indicates that the production of Mein Kamp as composed as a method in which Hitler could communicate with the public legitimately. Volume 2 of Mein Kamp is also said to be written in plain spoken language. This indicates it was written for all people to be able read, proving it as a propaganda tool. After Hitler’s Chancellorship in January 1933 Mein Kampf was eventually introduced into schools, placed on trains and presented to every bridal couple. The mass circulation of this book again proves only t o show it as a propaganda medium. Anti-Semitism was not unique to Mein Kampf and was a keen topic of Hitler’s in many political statements given in meetings. Hitler exclaims in September 1919 that the Jewish people are a race and not a religious community, and how this race are corrupt and disliked by a large section of ‘our people’ through emotion. A year later he states that a German citizen can only be one of German blood. As head of the Nazi party Hitler placed Joseph Goebbels as the head of Nazi propaganda, who wrote in the anti-Semitic newspaper ‘Der Angriff’ from 1926. In here is written how Jews’ are destroying the German community and how they must be removed from the community or they will ever corrupt it. Hitler’s ‘last will and testament’ written hours before his suicide tells of a hatred for Jews and also blaming the Jews for the war. These sources prove that Mein Kampf was not just a unique rant of anti-Semitism, Hitler believed in this hatred of the Jews’ evident here as early as 1919, days after his first attendance at a DAP meeting. This reinforces Mein Kampf as weapon of anti-Semitic propaganda at a time when Hitler could not address the public in person. Another element that points to this being a blue-print for the Holocaust was that Hitler wrote (or dictated) Mein Kampf with the intention of becoming a fascist style leader, but not only a leader, the chosen one and almost messiah-like. The failed Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich was directly influenced by the success of Benito Mussolini’s March on Rome which had immediately led to his appointment of Prime Minister of Italy; proving Hitler’s ambitions before he authored Mein Kampf. This shows Hitler always had the ambition of become a fascist style leader in Germany who would have had the power, with support from the nation, via propaganda, to eliminate the Jews from Germany. Although the ‘chosen one’ notion comes into play when in Mein Kampf it states that â€Å"Fate will someday gift the nation with a man endowed with the purpose of leading the nation out of a great depression and elimination of a bitter distress†. The elimination of a itter distress can only be regarded to ‘the Jewish problem’ as anti-Semitism is a recurring theme in the book, but Fate sending this man who is made for the job sounds messiah-like, which with Hitler’s proven ambition to become this leader would mean that if this propaganda was effective, he would become the ‘chosen leader’ and his book of propaganda regarding anti-Semitism and social-Darwinism would almost become a gospel. Joseph Goebbels exclaimed in 1941 that one of his notable achievements in propaganda was giving the nation complete confidence in Hitler by giving him a metaphoric halo of infallibility. An edition of Der Angriff from 1935 entitled Der Fuhrer’ by Joseph Goebbels states of how the Fuhrer is divine as â€Å"all of his actions stand under the power of a higher power† and Fate has provided the German people with Adolf Hitler. Again here it is evident of Adolf Hitler being propagandised as divine, and a divine leader would command the subordination of his subjects who would in return strive to please him. Mein Kamp is an intentional method of propaganda to be used at a time when Adolph Hitler was unable to communicate verbally with a gathering of people. Mein Kampf advocated Anti-Semitism, and Chapter 11: Nation and Race with a dramatic use of language strongly advocates social-Darwinism and justifies a war with the ‘lower races’ of peoples. Hitler always had, before and after Mein Kamp, an ambition to become a fascist style leader in which he had total control, which was propagandised during the construction of Mein Kampf as being appointed by higher powers and made out as messiah-like. This reinforces the intentionalist view of the Holocaust to be a result of Hitler’s long term plan. Historian’s in future research may want to consider the ‘divine leader’ messages propagandised by Hitler, in regards to the intentionalist/functionalist argument. This analysis of Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf has evaluated the context of the chapter within the book, the message within as well as examined the language used. The significance of the document as well as the purpose of it has been considered, as well as having reinforced a current historiographical debate.

Christianity to Japan Essay -- Religion Religious Japanese Christian E

Christianity In Japan Japan has been a home for Shinto and Buddhist religions for centuries. The Christian missionaries during the 16th, 19th and 20th centuries worked hard to evangelize the Japanese nation but could not get desired success. There efforts in past failed partly due to sanctions imposed by the local rulers. The Jesuits missionaries traveled with Spanish and Portuguese traders to many areas of America and Asia-Pacific and established their churches and religious missions. They were funded, sponsored and trained by their respective governments in order to spread Christianity. At several places they preached the Christian faith by force but the aboriginal population did not accept it wholeheartedly. Initially the Jesuits targeted the elite class of the country and a large number was converted. The rulers also forced their subject to embrace the same faith. About 300,000 Japanese were converted in the first phase. Later on, Christianity was prohibited as the rulers started seeing them as a thre at to their authority. Following a change of regime, the ban was lifted and missionaries were again allowed to enter Japan. Like many Native American tribes, the Japanese also resisted the new religion. As a result, presently Christians form only 1% of the total population in Japan. This paper is focused on how the Christian religion was introduced in Japan, the evolution of evangelism, establishment of churches, the restrictions and hurdles faced by the missionaries and priest of the new religion and the response of Japanese nation towards an alien faith. All these queries are answered in detail given as follows. Christianity in Japan spread in various phases. Like many other parts of world, it was brought by religious missionaries and the European traders and invaders. It is almost in middle of the 16th century that the Portuguese traders arrived on the â€Å"land of rising sun†. The traders, who landed at Kyushu, brought along gunpowder that was not previously known to the Japanese. The local barons cordially responded to these traders mainly because of the weapons they possessed. The traders were also accompanied by Christian missionaries who were allowed to conduct their religious preaching by the local barons. A large number of Japanese were converted by these missionaries. The formal conversion to Christianity began when Francis Xavier, the Sp... ...n the Kanto area and 23.8 percent in the Kansai region. At the very least, the fact that scores of younger Japanese are choosing Christian weddings indicates that the present environment is much more open to Christianity and that the stigma once attached to the Christian faith has declined during the past several decades†. Mullins further states that this observance of Christian rituals may not be considered as an indication of solid faith in the religion instead it could be associated with â€Å"popular movie stars and all of that†. At the turn of century, the total number of Christians living in Japan is estimated at about 1,075,000 that accounts to less than 1 % of the total residents. The Kondansha's Encyclopaedia describes that, â€Å"There were 436,000 Catholics with some 800 parishes in 16 dioceses, while Protestants numbered 639,000 with nearly 7,000 churches†. The statistics shows that overall the evangelist faith has not received the desired response in the Japanese society. No significant conversions have been witnessed during the last half century. It is still a foreign religion and the one practiced by a small minority is also more Japanized rather than Christianized.